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In Python 3, strings are bytes interpreted as UTF-8. This means one cannot use arbitrary byte sequences to construct a str because Python will try to interpret the bytes as UTF-8, throwing a UnicodeDecodeError on failure. Instead, byte sequences should be returned as bytes objects.

As an example where this fails in pyxrootd, the File::Read method tries to build a string from the result of reading a file:

pyresponse = Py_BuildValue( "s#", buffer, bytesRead );

The s# notation means

Convert a C string and its length to a Python str object using 'utf-8' encoding. If the C string pointer is NULL, the length is ignored and None is returned.

This will fail in general, as not all byte sequences are sequences of valid UTF-8 codes. A sufficient fix might be to use y# instead.

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